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- BUSINESS, Page 47You Scratch My Back . . .
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- A stock scandal exposes the cozy ties among Japan's power elite
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- Joyous floor traders on the Tokyo Stock Exchange celebrated
- the end of 1988 with a traditional hand-clap ceremony last week
- as share prices closed at record levels. But their applause
- could not drown out the rising furor over a stock scandal that
- has already toppled several of Japan's leading business and
- political figures. Not since former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka
- was convicted of taking bribes from Lockheed during the mid-'70s
- have the Japanese been so shaken by disclosures of official
- wrongdoing. As the scandal spreads, it threatens to tarnish
- Japan's image abroad and to undermine the country's confidence
- in its businessmen and politicians.
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- The stock scheme has rocked the government of Prime
- Minister Noboru Takeshita. Though he has not been directly
- implicated, his approval rating plunged in December to less than
- 30%, the lowest level in his 14 months in office. The scandal
- seemed to magnify public displeasure with Takeshita's sweeping
- tax-reform bill, including a 3% national consumption tax, which
- he pushed through the Diet, Japan's parliament, in December.
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- As if to make amends, Takeshita responded last week with a
- Cabinet shuffle, ousting 15 of his 20 Ministers. But his new
- Justice Minister, Takashi Hasegawa, was forced to resign only
- three days later after it was disclosed that one of his
- political support groups had accepted legal-but-compromising
- cash contributions of $3,800 a month from the company behind the
- stock episode.
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- The scandal erupted last July, when the daily Asahi Shimbun
- disclosed that the Recruit group, the parent company of a real
- estate firm called Recruit Cosmos, had sold unlisted stock in
- the subsidiary at bargain prices in 1984-86 to politicians,
- journalists and business leaders. The well-placed purchasers
- reaped millions of dollars in profits when Recruit Cosmos went
- public and its shares tripled in value. While Japanese firms
- often sell inexpensive stock to influential buyers, the scope
- of the Recruit Cosmos handouts was unprecedented. Hiromasa
- Ezoe, chairman of the Recruit group, sold more than 885,000
- unlisted Recruit Cosmos shares.
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- The unseemliness of the deals has forced the resignation of
- Ezoe and 20 other people. The first big political casualty:
- Finance Minister Kiichi Miyazawa, who resigned last month. He
- was caught in a net of contradictory denials, and finally
- admitted that an aide had taken part in the Recruit offerings,
- using the Minister's name. Ironically, the fall of Miyazawa
- strengthened the political position of Takeshita, since the men
- had been rivals in the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. Five
- days later, Hisashi Shinto, chairman of the giant Nippon
- Telegraph and Telephone, stepped aside after conceding his
- involvement in the Recruit stock deal.
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- Such transactions are illegal only if they can be proved to
- be clear-cut bribes that elicit favors in return. Thus
- prosecutors are looking closely at cases in which Recruit may
- have got something for its generosity. One such transaction is
- NTT's purchase in 1986 and '87 of two U.S.-made Cray Research
- supercomputers, which the utility in turn sold to Recruit.
- Investigators are looking into the possibility that NTT
- officials gave Recruit a special deal on the machines.
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- Several high-level bureaucrats could face bribery charges.
- Among them is Takashi Kato, former Vice Minister of Labor, who
- bought 3,000 Recruit Cosmos shares in 1986. Investigators
- suspect that Kato got the stock as a reward for blocking changes
- in an employment law that could have limited Recruit's ventures
- in help-wanted advertising. Kato denies that he intervened in
- any way.
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- The Recruit scandal has focused scrutiny on Japan's dubious
- but long-tolerated practice of kinken-seiji, or money politics.
- While Japanese law restricts corporate donations to any one
- political group to $12,000 a year, Japan's public and private
- leaders have long skirted the requirement. In all, Japanese
- political parties reported raising $2.2 billion in 1987.
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- To curb future scandals, the Finance Ministry is
- considering a plan to require companies to auction one-third of
- their unlisted shares to the general public. Some officials view
- the Recruit Cosmos affair as a blessing. "Businessmen will
- become a little bit more careful about giving stock to
- politicians," says Kazuo Nukazawa, a managing director of the
- Japan Federation of Economic Organizations. "Things will be a
- little cleaner." Perhaps, but more than a few token reforms will
- be needed to make Japan's tradition of kinken-seiji a thing of
- the past.
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